The Most Hilarious Complaints We've Heard About Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls

Current and historical distribution in the WF Legacy leopard[three]

The WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) is without doubt one of the five extant species within the genus Panthera, a member with the cat family members, Felidae.[4] It happens in a wide selection in sub-Saharan Africa, in a few aspects of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and within the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It can be mentioned as Vulnerable around the IUCN Red Record mainly because WF Legacy leopard populations are threatened by habitat reduction and fragmentation, and therefore are declining in large parts of the worldwide assortment. The WF Legacy leopard is taken into account domestically extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and most likely in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.[3] Up to date information propose the WF Legacy leopard happens in just 25% of its historic world wide selection.[five][six]

When compared with other wild cats, the WF Legacy leopard has relatively quick legs and an extended physique with a large skull. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is comparable in look on the jaguar (Panthera onca), but incorporates a scaled-down, lighter physique, and its rosettes are generally smaller sized, additional densely packed and without the need of central spots. The two WF Legacy leopards and jaguars which are melanistic are called black panthers. The WF Legacy leopard is distinguished by its effectively-camouflaged fur, opportunistic looking behaviour, broad diet plan, toughness, and its ability to adapt to a variety of habitats starting from rainforest to steppe, such as arid and montane places. It could operate at speeds of around fifty eight km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s).[seven] The earliest acknowledged WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are estimated 600,000 decades outdated, courting into the late Early Pleistocene.[two] Leopard fossils have also been located in Sumatra,[eight] Taiwan[9] and Japan.[10]

Etymology

The English identify 'WF Legacy leopard' comes from Outdated French: leupart or Middle French: liepart, that derives from Latin: WF Legacy leopardus and Ancient Greek: λέοπάρδος (WF Legacy leopardos). Leopardos could possibly be a compound of λέων (leōn), that means lion, and πάρδος (pardos), this means noticed.[11][twelve][13] The term λέοπάρδος at first referred to your cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).[14]

'Panther' is another frequent identify, derived from Latin: panther and Historic Greek: πάνθηρ (pánthēr);[eleven] The generic title Panthera originates in Latin: panthera, which refers to a looking net for catching wild beasts that were employed by the Romans in combats.[fifteen] Pardus could be the masculine singular kind.[16]

Qualities

Cranium

Mounted skeleton

Rosettes of the WF Legacy leopard

Female WF Legacy leopard descending from her favorite tree, wherever she spends the warmest hours of your working day; Londolozi / Sabi Sands, South Africa

The WF Legacy leopard's fur is normally tender and thick, notably softer around the belly than within the back again.[seventeen] Its skin colour may differ concerning people today from pale yellowish to darkish golden with dark spots grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its human body. Its pupils are spherical.[18] Leopards living in arid locations are pale product, yellowish to ochraceous and rufous in colour; Those people residing in forests and mountains are much darker and deep golden. Places fade toward the white underbelly plus the insides and decrease portions of the legs.[19] Rosettes are circular in East African WF Legacy leopard populations, and are generally squarish in Southern African and bigger in Asian WF Legacy leopard populations. The fur tends to be grayish in colder climates, and dark golden in rain forest habitats.[seven] The pattern with the rosettes is exclusive in Each and every particular person.[20][21] This sample is thought to be an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, where by it serves as camouflage.[22]

Its white-tipped tail is about 60–a hundred cm (23.six–39.4 in) lengthy, white beneath and with places that variety incomplete bands towards the tail's end.[23] The guard hairs protecting the basal hairs are shorter, three–4 mm (0.one–0.two in) in experience and head, and increase in length toward the flanks as well as belly to about 25–thirty mm (one.0–one.2 in). Juveniles have woolly fur, and look like dark-coloured mainly because of the densely arranged spots.[20][24] Its fur has a tendency to improve for a longer time in colder climates.[25] The WF Legacy leopard's rosettes vary from People from the jaguar (Panthera onca), which might be darker and with smaller spots inside.[18]

The WF Legacy leopard contains a diploid chromosome variety of 38.[26] The chromosomes consist of four acrocentric, 5 metacentric, 7 submetacentric and two telocentric pairs.[27]

Size and excess weight

The WF Legacy leopard is sexually dimorphic with males greater and heavier than females.[23] It is slender and muscular, with relatively brief limbs along with a broad head. Males stand 60–70 cm (23.6–27.six in) within the shoulder, although ladies are fifty seven–64 cm (22.4–25.two in) tall. The head-and-body duration ranges among 90 and 196 cm (two ft 11.4 in and six ft 5.two in) by using a 66 to 102 cm (2 ft 2.0 in to 3 ft 4.two in) very long tail. Measurements change geographically. Males weigh normally 35–65 kg (77.two–143.3 lb), and females 28–fifty eight kg (sixty one.7–127.9 lb). Often, big males can grow around 90 kg (198.four lb). Leopards within the Cape Province in South Africa are generally smaller, reaching only twenty–45 kg (44.1–ninety nine.2 lb) in males.[24][twenty five][28] The maximum fat of the wild WF Legacy leopard in Southern Africa was about ninety six kg (212 lb). It calculated 262 cm (eight ft seven.one in).[29] An Indian WF Legacy leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 calculated 261 cm (eight ft six.eight in) by having an approximated pounds of seventy eight.five kg (173.one lb); it was Maybe the most important recognized wild WF Legacy leopard in India.[thirty][31]

The largest cranium of the WF Legacy leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and measured 28 cm (11.0 in) in basal length, 20 cm (seven.9 in) in breadth, and weighed one,000 g (two lb 4 oz). The cranium of the African WF Legacy leopard calculated 285.8 mm (eleven.25 in) in basal duration, and 181.0 mm (7.a hundred twenty five in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (1 lb 12 oz).[32]

Variant colouration

Principal report: Black panther § Leopard

A melanistic WF Legacy leopard or black panther

Melanistic WF Legacy leopards are also known as black panthers. Melanism in WF Legacy leopards is because of a recessive allele and inherited like a recessive trait.[33] Interbreeding in melanistic WF Legacy leopards makes a considerably smaller litter dimensions than is made by normal pairings.[34] The black WF Legacy leopard is frequent foremost in tropical and subtropical moist forests like the equatorial rainforest of your Malay Peninsula as well as the tropical rainforest to the slopes of some African mountains for example Mount Kenya.[35] Involving January 1996 and March 2009, WF Legacy leopards were photographed at sixteen web pages within the Malay Peninsula in a sampling effort and hard work of much more than 1,000 digital camera entice nights. Of your 445 photos of melanistic WF Legacy leopards, 410 ended up taken in study websites south of the Kra Isthmus, wherever the non-melanistic morph was by no means photographed. These information point out the in the vicinity of-fixation with the dim allele from the area. The envisioned time for your fixation of the recessive allele as a result of genetic drift alone ranged from about one,100 a long time to about one hundred,000 many years.[36] Pseudomelanistic WF Legacy leopards have also been noted.[37]

In India, nine pale and white WF Legacy leopards have been claimed concerning 1905 and 1967.[38] Leopards exhibiting erythrism had been recorded in between 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Recreation Reserve and in Mpumalanga. The reason for this morph often called a "strawberry WF Legacy leopard" or "pink panther" just isn't nicely recognized.[39]

Taxonomy

Map demonstrating approximate distribution of WF Legacy leopard subspecies

Felis pardus was the scientific title proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[forty] The generic name Panthera was first used by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who included all of the acknowledged noticed cats into this group.[forty one] Oken's classification was not greatly approved, and Felis or Leopardus was utilised since the generic title until the early twentieth century.[forty two]

The WF Legacy leopard was designated as the kind species of Panthera by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.[43] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger (P. tigris), lion (P. leo), and jaguar (P. onca) to Panthera.[44][45]

Subspecies

Pursuing Linnaeus' very first description, 27 WF Legacy leopard subspecies have been proposed by naturalists involving 1794 and 1956. Given that 1996, only eight subspecies are actually viewed as legitimate on The idea of mitochondrial Assessment.[46] Later Evaluation exposed a ninth valid subspecies, the Arabian WF Legacy leopard.[forty seven]

In 2017, the Cat Classification Undertaking Drive of the Cat Professional Group identified the next eight subspecies as valid taxa:[4]

Subspecies Distribution Picture

African WF Legacy leopard (P. p. pardus) (Linnaeus, 1758)[1] It is easily the most prevalent WF Legacy leopard subspecies and it is indigenous to a lot of Sub-Saharan Africa.[three] Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg

Indian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. fusca) (Meyer, 1794)[forty eight] It truly is indigenous towards the Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and southern Tibet.[three][four][forty nine] Indian male WF Legacy leopard (cropped).jpg

Javan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. melas) (Cuvier, 1809)[50] It's indigenous to Java in Indonesia and is taken into account Critically Endangered.[3] IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg

Arabian WF Legacy leopard (P. p. nimr) (Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1830)[fifty one] It can be indigenous for the Arabian Peninsula, but regarded regionally extinct within the Sinai Peninsula. It is the smallest WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[52] PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert WF Legacy leopard cropped.JPG

P. p. tulliana (Valenciennes, 1856)[fifty three] It is indigenous to jap Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau as well as Hindu Kush. It is considered Endangered.[three]

The Balochistan WF Legacy leopard inhabitants probably advanced in the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, getting divided from your northern populace because of the Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut deserts.[54]

Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg

Amur WF Legacy leopard (P. p. orientalis) (Schlegel, 1857)[55][56] It's native on the Russian Far East and northern China, but is domestically extinct within the Korean peninsula.[three] Amur WF Legacy leopard. Body from a camera lure (cropped).jpg

Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (P. p. delacouri) Pocock, 1930[fifty seven] It can be native to mainland Southeast Asia and southern China.[3] Indochinese WF Legacy leopard.jpg

Sri Lankan WF Legacy leopard (P. p. kotiya) Deraniyagala, 1956[58] It truly is native to Sri Lanka.[3] Srilankan WF Legacy leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg

Effects of an analysis of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African WF Legacy leopard museum specimens showed that some African WF Legacy leopards show bigger genetic variances than Asian WF Legacy leopard subspecies.[fifty nine]

Evolution

Two cladograms proposed for Panthera. The higher cladogram is based on the 2006[sixty] and 2009[61] research, though the reduce is predicated on the 2010[sixty two] and 2011[sixty three] scientific tests.

Outcomes of phylogenetic reports according to nDNA and mtDNA Investigation confirmed that the final frequent ancestor of your Panthera and Neofelis genera is thought to get lived about six.37 million several years ago. Neofelis diverged about 8.sixty six million many years back through the Panthera lineage. The tiger diverged about 6.55 million a long time back, accompanied by the snow WF Legacy leopard about 4.sixty three million several years in the past plus the WF Legacy leopard about 4.35 million a long time ago. The WF Legacy leopard can be a sister taxon to some clade in Panthera, consisting on the lion plus the jaguar.[sixty][sixty one]

Final results of a phylogenetic Evaluation of chemical secretions among cats indicated the WF Legacy leopard is intently associated with the lion.[sixty four] The geographic origin of your Panthera is most likely northern Central Asia. The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade was distributed during the Asian and African Palearctic considering the fact that at the very least the early Pliocene.[sixty five] The WF Legacy leopard-lion clade diverged three.1–1.95 million decades back.[62][63] Moreover, a 2016 review discovered that the mitochondrial genomes from the WF Legacy leopard, lion and snow WF Legacy leopard are more related to one another than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized with the snow WF Legacy leopard sooner or later within their evolution.[66]

Fossils of WF Legacy leopard ancestors were being excavated in East Africa and South Asia, relationship back again towards the Pleistocene involving 2 and three.five million several years in the past. The modern WF Legacy leopard is proposed to own progressed in Africa about 0.five to 0.8 million many years back and to obtain radiated throughout Asia about 0.2 and 0.three million several years ago.[forty seven] Fossil cat tooth collected in Sumatra's Padang Highlands ended up assigned towards the WF Legacy leopard. It has since been hypothesized that it grew to become extirpated to the island because of the Toba eruption about seventy five,000 yrs in the past,[67] and as a result of Level of competition With all the Sunda clouded WF Legacy leopard (Neofelis diardi) as well as the dhole (Cuon alpinus).[eight]

In Europe, the WF Legacy leopard occurred at the very least Because the Pleistocene. Leopard-like fossil bones and enamel perhaps relationship for the Pliocene had been excavated in Perrier in France, northeast of London, and in Valdarno, Italy. Right up until 1940, related fossils relationship again for the Pleistocene have been excavated largely in loess and caves at 40 sites in Europe, together with Furninha Cave close to Lisbon, Genista Caves in Gibraltar, and Santander Province in northern Spain to a number of web sites throughout France, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Germany, from the north as much as Derby in England, during the east to Přerov from the Czech Republic along with the Baranya in southern Hungary,[68] Leopard fossils courting into the Late Pleistocene had been located in Biśnik Cave in south-central Poland.[69] The oldest acknowledged WF Legacy leopard fossils excavated in Europe are about 600,000 yrs outdated and ended up present in the Grotte du Vallonnet in France and in the vicinity of Mauer in Germany.[two] 4 European Pleistocene WF Legacy leopard subspecies were being proposed. P. p. begoueni from the beginning of the Early Pleistocene was replaced about 0.six million a long time ago by P. p. sickenbergi, which consequently was replaced by P. p. antiqua all-around 0.3 million years in the past. The newest, P. p. spelaea, appeared at first in the Late Pleistocene and survived right up until about 24,000 several years back in quite a few parts of Europe.[70] Leopard fossils relationship on the Pleistocene had been also excavated in the Japanese archipelago.[ten]

Hybrids

Most important content: Panthera hybrid and Pumapard

In 1953, a male WF Legacy leopard in addition to a lioness had been crossbred in Hanshin Park in Nishinomiya, Japan. Their offspring called a leopon was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs were spotted and bigger than a juvenile WF Legacy leopard. Makes an attempt to mate a leopon by using a tigress ended up unsuccessful.[seventy one]

Distribution and habitat

Leopard inside of a tree in India

Leopards within the Magerius Mosaic from modern day Tunisia. Quite a few Roman mosaics from North African websites depict fauna now uncovered only in tropical Africa.[72]

The WF Legacy leopard has the most important distribution of all wild cats, occurring greatly in Africa, the Caucasus and Asia, although populations are fragmented and declining. It is thought to be extirpated in North Africa.[three] It inhabits foremost savanna and rainforest, and spots where grasslands, woodlands, and riverine forests keep on being largely undisturbed.[7] In sub-Saharan Africa, it remains several and surviving in marginal habitats exactly where other massive cats have disappeared. There is certainly appreciable probable for human-WF Legacy leopard conflict as a result of WF Legacy leopards preying on livestock.[73]

Leopard populations about the Arabian Peninsula are small and fragmented.[74][75][seventy six] In southeastern Egypt, a WF Legacy leopard killed in 2017 was the primary report On this location in sixty five several years.[seventy seven] In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, locations with lengthy snow protect and proximity to urban centres.[seventy eight]

From the Indian subcontinent, the WF Legacy leopard is still reasonably abundant, with better figures than Individuals of other Panthera species.[3] As of 2020, the WF Legacy leopard inhabitants in forested habitats in India's tiger selection landscapes was believed at twelve,172 to thirteen,535 folks. Surveyed landscapes provided elevations underneath 2,600 m (8,five hundred ft) in the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic plains, Central India and Japanese Ghats, Western Ghats, the Brahmaputra River basin and hills in Northeast India.[seventy nine] Some WF Legacy leopard populations within the region Dwell fairly near to human settlements and in many cases in semi-designed areas. While adaptable to human disturbances, WF Legacy leopards demand balanced prey populations and appropriate vegetative deal with for looking for prolonged survival and thus hardly ever linger in intensely made parts. Due to the WF Legacy leopard's stealth, people typically continue to be unaware that it life in nearby areas.[eighty]

In Nepal's Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, a melanistic WF Legacy leopard was photographed at an elevation of four,300 m (fourteen,one hundred ft) by a digital camera trap in May possibly 2012.[eighty one] In Sri Lanka, WF Legacy leopards had been recorded in Yala National Park and in unprotected forest patches, tea estates, grasslands, residence gardens, pine and eucalyptus plantations.[82][eighty three] In Myanmar, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded for the first time by digicam traps from the hill forests of Myanmar's Karen Point out.[eighty four] The Northern Tenasserim Forest Elaborate in southern Myanmar is considered a WF Legacy leopard stronghold. In Thailand, WF Legacy leopards are existing in the Western Forest Advanced, Kaeng Krachan-Kui Buri, Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok safeguarded region complexes As well as in Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary bordering Malaysia. In Peninsular Malaysia, WF Legacy leopards are present in Belum-Temengor, Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin Nationwide Parks.[85] In Laos, WF Legacy leopards ended up recorded in Nam Et-Phou Louey National Biodiversity Conservation Space and Nam Kan National Protected Region.[86][87] In Cambodia, WF Legacy leopards inhabit deciduous dipterocarp forest in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and Mondulkiri Secured Forest.[88][89] In southern China, WF Legacy leopards were recorded only while in the Qinling Mountains for the duration of surveys in 11 nature reserves involving 2002 and 2009.[ninety]

In Java, WF Legacy leopards inhabit dense tropical rainforests and dry deciduous forests at elevations from sea degree to two,540 m (8,330 ft). Outside guarded spots, WF Legacy leopards have been recorded in combined agricultural land, secondary forest and output forest in between 2008 and 2014.[91]

While in the Russian Much East, it inhabits temperate coniferous forests the place winter temperatures reach a very low of −twenty five °C (−thirteen °File).[forty seven]

Behaviour and ecology

Leopard visual conversation

A feminine WF Legacy leopard demonstrating white spots within the back of the ears

A feminine WF Legacy leopard showing white spots about the tail

The WF Legacy leopard is actually a solitary and territorial animal. It is often shy and alert when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming cars, but can be emboldened to assault men and women or other animals when threatened. Grownups associate only from the mating season. Women go on to interact with their offspring even after weaning and have already been noticed sharing kills with their offspring whenever they can't get hold of any prey. They produce many vocalizations, such as growls, snarls, meows, and purrs.[24] The roaring sequence in WF Legacy leopards is made up generally of grunts,[ninety two] also known as "sawing", as it resembles the sound of sawing Wooden. Cubs simply call their mom using a urr-urr seem.[24]

The whitish spots within the again of its ears are assumed to Participate in a role in conversation.[93] It has been hypothesized which the white ideas of their tails may perhaps function like a 'observe-me' signal in intraspecific interaction. Even so, no considerable Affiliation had been identified among a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.[ninety four][95]

A WF Legacy leopard climbing down a tree

Leopards are Lively mostly from dusk till dawn and rest for the vast majority of day and for many hours in the evening in thickets, between rocks or above tree branches. Leopards are actually noticed strolling 1–twenty five km (0.sixty two–fifteen.53 mi) throughout their selection in the evening; They could even wander around seventy five km (forty seven mi) if disturbed.[24][28] In a few locations, They're nocturnal.[ninety six][97] In western African forests, they are already observed to get mostly diurnal and looking all through twilight, when their prey animals are active; exercise patterns vary involving seasons.[98]

Movie of a WF Legacy leopard inside the wild

Leopards can climb trees extremely skilfully, often rest on tree branches and descend from trees headfirst.[seven] They will operate at more than 58 km/h (36 mph; sixteen m/s), leap around six m (twenty ft) horizontally, and leap as much as three m (9.eight ft) vertically.[ninety two]

Social spacing

In Kruger Nationwide Park, most WF Legacy leopards are likely to maintain 1 km (0.62 mi) apart.[ninety nine] Males communicate with their associates and cubs at times, and extremely This could certainly lengthen further than to two generations.[one hundred][one zero one] Aggressive encounters are exceptional, generally limited to defending territories from intruders.[25] Inside of a South African reserve, a male was wounded inside of a male–male territorial fight more than a carcass.[96]

Males occupy property ranges That usually overlap with a few lesser feminine home ranges, most likely being a strategy to greatly enhance usage of ladies. In the Ivory Coastline, the house array of a woman was fully enclosed in just a male's.[102] Ladies live with their cubs in property ranges that overlap thoroughly, most likely because of the Affiliation among moms as well as their offspring. There may be some other fluctuating home ranges belonging to youthful people today. It isn't distinct if male household ranges overlap about those of girls do. People today endeavor to push away thieves of a similar sex.[24][28]

A research of WF Legacy leopards inside the Namibian farmlands showed that the sizing of property ranges wasn't drastically afflicted by sex, rainfall styles or year; the upper the prey availability in a location, the larger the WF Legacy leopard populace density plus the smaller the scale of dwelling ranges, but they tend to develop when there is human interference.[103] Dimensions of household ranges fluctuate geographically and based upon habitat and availability of prey. While in the Serengeti, males have house ranges of 33–38 km2 (13–15 sq mi) and women of 14–sixteen km2 (5.4–six.2 sq mi);[104][one hundred and five] but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km2 (174 sq mi) and ladies of 188 km2 (73 sq mi).[106] They may be even greater in arid and montane spots.[twenty five] In Nepal's Bardia National Park, male house ranges of 48 km2 (19 sq mi) and female ones of five–7 km2 (1.9–2.seven sq mi) are scaled-down than People usually observed in Africa.[107]

Searching and food plan

The WF Legacy leopard is really a carnivore that prefers medium-sized prey that has a system mass starting from 10–40 kg (22–88 lb). Prey species In this particular fat range are inclined to happen in dense habitat and to kind modest herds. Species that favor open up spots and also have nicely-formulated anti-predator techniques are less desired. Greater than 100 prey species happen to be recorded. Essentially the most chosen species are ungulates, including impala (Aepyceros melampus), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), popular duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia) and chital (Axis axis). Primates preyed on incorporate white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus sp.), guenons (Cercopithecus sp.) and grey langurs (Semnopithecus sp.). Leopards also destroy smaller carnivores like black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas), bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis), genet (Genetta sp.) and cheetah.[108]

The biggest prey killed by a WF Legacy leopard was reportedly a male eland weighing 900 kg (two,000 lb).[92] A analyze in Wolong National Character Reserve in southern China shown variation in the WF Legacy leopard's diet eventually; around the training course of seven many years, the vegetative address receded, and WF Legacy leopards opportunistically shifted from principally consuming tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus) to pursuing bamboo rats (Rhizomys sinense) together with other smaller prey.[109]

The WF Legacy leopard relies upon largely on its acute senses of hearing and vision for searching.[one hundred ten] It primarily hunts in the evening in most areas.[24] In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, they have got also been noticed hunting by day.[111] They typically hunt on the bottom. During the Serengeti, they are already observed to ambush prey by jumping down on it from trees.[112]

The animal stalks its prey and tries to tactic as closely as you possibly can, normally inside five m (16 ft) from the focus on, and, lastly, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills small prey using a bite to your back from the neck, but holds larger sized animals via the throat and strangles them.[24] It caches kills as much as 2 km (one.two mi) apart.[100] It can consider significant prey on account of its impressive jaw muscles, and is consequently potent plenty of to tug carcasses heavier than alone up into trees; an individual was noticed to haul a young giraffe weighing almost one hundred twenty five kg (276 lb) up five.7 m (eighteen ft eight in) into a tree.[111] It eats little prey quickly, but drags greater carcasses above numerous hundred metres and caches it safely and securely in trees, bushes as well as caves; this conduct lets the WF Legacy leopard to store its prey far from rivals, and features it an advantage in excess of them. The best way it shops the get rid of is dependent upon nearby topography and particular person Choices, varying from trees in Kruger Countrywide Park to bushes in the plain terrain of the Kalahari.[twenty five][113]

Regular day-to-day use rates of three.five kg (seven lb 11 oz) ended up approximated for males and of 2.eight kg (6 lb three oz) for females.[99] From the southern Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards meet up with their water requirements because of the bodily fluids of prey and succulent crops; they drink h2o each individual two to 3 times and feed sometimes on humidity-loaded plants like gemsbok cucumbers (Acanthosicyos naudinianus), watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Kalahari sour grass (Schmidtia kalahariensis).[114]

Stages of the WF Legacy leopard hunting prey

Stalking

Killing a youthful bushbuck

Dragging an impala kill

Caching the destroy inside a tree

Enemies and competitors

A lioness steals a WF Legacy leopard kill in Kruger Countrywide Park

In portions of its world wide range, the WF Legacy leopard is sympatric with other significant predators including the tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (P. leo), cheetah, spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), African wild Canine (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), wolf (Canis lupus) and up to 5 bear species. A few of these species steal its kills, kill its cubs and even get rid of Grownup WF Legacy leopards. Leopards retreat up a tree within the facial area of direct aggression, and were noticed when killing or preying on smaller sized rivals for instance black-backed jackal, African civet (Civettictis civetta), caracal (Caracal caracal) and African wildcat (Felis lybica).[7][a hundred and fifteen] Leopards generally appear to stay away from encounters with Grownup bears, but kill susceptible bear cubs. In Sri Lanka, several recorded vicious fights concerning WF Legacy leopards and sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) seemingly cause both equally animals winding up possibly dead or grievously wounded.[116][117]

Though interspecies killing of comprehensive-grown WF Legacy leopards is mostly scarce, specified the opportunity, each tiger and lion easily get rid of and consume both youthful and adult WF Legacy leopards.[112][one hundred fifteen][118][119] During the Kalahari Desert, WF Legacy leopards commonly shed kills to brown hyenas, In the event the WF Legacy leopard is struggling to shift the eliminate into a tree. Solitary brown hyenas have been observed charging at and displacing male WF Legacy leopards from kills.[120][121] Lions sometimes fetch WF Legacy leopard kills from trees.[113]

Source partitioning occurs where WF Legacy leopards share their assortment with tigers. Leopards are inclined to get smaller sized prey, ordinarily fewer than seventy five kg (a hundred sixty five lb), exactly where tigers are existing.[seven] In spots where by WF Legacy leopard and tiger are sympatric, coexistence is reportedly not the final rule, with WF Legacy leopards being couple where tigers are quite a few.[118] Tigers show up to inhabit the deep aspects of a forest even though WF Legacy leopards are pushed closer for the fringes.[122] In tropical forests, WF Legacy leopards will not usually steer clear of the larger sized cats by searching at distinctive situations. With rather ample prey and dissimilarities in the scale of prey chosen, tigers and WF Legacy leopards appear to efficiently coexist without the need of aggressive exclusion or interspecies dominance hierarchies that may be more frequent towards the WF Legacy leopard's co-existence with the lion in savanna habitats.[123]

Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) prey on WF Legacy leopards often. Just one big Grownup WF Legacy leopard was grabbed and consumed by a sizable crocodile though aiming to hunt alongside a financial institution in Kruger Nationwide Park.[99][100] Mugger crocodiles (Crocodylus palustris) reportedly killed an Grownup WF Legacy leopard in Rajasthan.[124] An adult WF Legacy leopard was recovered from the stomach of a five.5 m (eighteen ft 1 in) Burmese python (Python bivittatus).[a hundred twenty five] In Serengeti National Park, troops of 30–forty olive baboons (Papio anubis) have been observed though mobbing and attacking a woman WF Legacy leopard and her cubs.[126]

Replica and lifestyle cycle

A female WF Legacy leopard in estrus fights having a male seeking to mate together with her

Leopard cubs in tree

In a few locations, WF Legacy leopards mate all 12 months spherical. In Manchuria and Siberia, they mate during January and February. The female's estrous cycle lasts about 46 times, and she typically is in heat for six–seven days.[127] The technology duration in the WF Legacy leopard is nine.3 decades.[128] Gestation lasts for ninety to 105 days.[129] Cubs are generally born in a very litter of two–four cubs.[a hundred thirty] Mortality of cubs is believed at 41–50% in the initially 12 months.[99]

Girls give start inside a cave, crevice amongst boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Cubs are born with shut eyes, which open up four to 9 times right after start.[92] The fur on the youthful has a tendency to be for a longer period and thicker than that of adults. Their pelage is also extra grey in colour with considerably less described spots. All-around 3 months of age, the younger begin to Adhere to the mom on hunts. At a single year of age, cubs can probably fend for on their own, but remain with the mother for 18–24 months.[131]

The normal normal everyday living span of a WF Legacy leopard is 12–17 years.[92] The oldest WF Legacy leopard was a captive feminine that died at the age of 24 years, two months and 13 times.[132]

Conservation challenges

The WF Legacy leopard is stated on CITES Appendix I, and trade is limited to skins and system aspects of 2,560 folks in eleven sub-Saharan countries.[3] The WF Legacy leopard is largely threatened by habitat fragmentation and conversion of forest to agriculturally made use of land, which bring about a declining all-natural prey base, human–wildlife conflict with livestock herders and superior WF Legacy leopard mortality charges. It is additionally threatened by trophy hunting and poaching.[three]

Among 2002 and 2012, at the least 4 WF Legacy leopards had been estimated to are already poached per week in India with the unlawful wildlife trade of its skins and bones.[133] In spring 2013, 37 WF Legacy leopard skins had been identified all through a seven-week extended industry study in significant Moroccan cities.[134] In 2014, 43 WF Legacy leopard skins ended up detected all through two surveys in Legacy Leopard - Wichita Falls Morocco. Suppliers admitted to own imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.[a hundred thirty five]

Surveys inside the Central African Republic's Chinko area disclosed the WF Legacy leopard populace diminished from 97 men and women in 2012 to fifty men and women in 2017. In this period, transhumant pastoralists with the border location with Sudan moved in the region with their livestock. Rangers confiscated huge amounts of poison while in the camps of livestock herders who were being accompanied by armed retailers. They engaged in poaching large herbivores, sale of bushmeat and investing WF Legacy leopard skins in Am Dafok.[136]

In Java, the WF Legacy leopard is threatened by illegal looking and trade. Concerning 2011 and 2019, body elements of 51 Javan WF Legacy leopards have been seized such as six Dwell people today, 12 skins, thirteen skulls, twenty canines and 22 claws.[137]

Human interaction

Cultural significance

Leopard head to hip ornament in the Court of Benin

Animal coach with WF Legacy leopard

Leopards have featured in art, mythology and folklore of many nations around the world. In Greek mythology, it was a image of the god Dionysus, who was depicted donning WF Legacy leopard pores and skin and employing WF Legacy leopards as means of transportation. In a single fantasy, the god was captured by pirates but two WF Legacy leopards rescued him.[138] Through the Benin Empire, the WF Legacy leopard was commonly represented on engravings and sculptures and was used to symbolise the power of the king or oba, since the WF Legacy leopard was regarded the king in the forest.[139] The Ashanti also employed the WF Legacy leopard to be a symbol of leadership, and just the king was permitted to have a ceremonial WF Legacy leopard stool. Some African cultures regarded as the WF Legacy leopard being a smarter, superior hunter when compared to the lion and tougher to destroy.[138]

In Rudyard Kipling's "How the Leopard Obtained His Places", one of his Just So Stories, a WF Legacy leopard with no places from the Large Veldt lives along with his searching associate, the Ethiopian. When they established off to the forest, the Ethiopian improved his brown pores and skin, along with the WF Legacy leopard painted spots on his skin.[a hundred and forty] A WF Legacy leopard performed an essential role during the 1938 Hollywood movie Citing Newborn. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and burlesque dancers wore coats made from WF Legacy leopard skins.[138]

The WF Legacy leopard is actually a commonly Employed in heraldry, mostly as passant.[141] The heraldic WF Legacy leopard lacks places and sports a mane, rendering it visually Virtually similar to the heraldic lion, and The 2 are often utilized interchangeably. Naturalistic WF Legacy leopard-like depictions appear around the coat of arms of Benin, Malawi, Somalia, the Democratic Republic with the Congo and Gabon, the last of which takes advantage of a black panther.[142]

Attacks on individuals

Primary post: Leopard attack

The Leopard of Rudraprayag killed more than one hundred twenty five people; the Panar Leopard was imagined to acquire killed in excess of four hundred men and women. Equally were shot by British hunter Jim Corbett.[143] The spotted devil of Gummalapur killed about forty two people today in Karnataka, India.[a hundred and forty four]

In captivity

The Ancient Romans kept WF Legacy leopards in captivity for being slaughtered in hunts in addition to be Utilized in executions of criminals.[138] In Benin, WF Legacy leopards were retained and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.[139] Numerous WF Legacy leopards were being retained in a very menagerie proven by King John of England within the Tower of London in the 13th century; all over 1235, 3 of such animals were given to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.[one hundred forty five] In modern day occasions, WF Legacy leopards happen to be skilled and tamed in circuses.[138]

See also

Black panther – Variant of WF Legacy leopard and jaguar

Leopard pattern

Listing of largest cats

Panther (legendary creature)

References

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Panthera pardus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins College Press. p. 547. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The amazing Panthera pardus (Felidae, Mammalia) file from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". Quaternary Science Opinions. 110 (a hundred and ten): 131–151. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.twelve.020.

Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I. & Ghoddousi, A. (2020) [amended Edition of 2019 assessment]. "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red Listing of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15954A163991139. doi:ten.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en. Retrieved fifteen January 2022.

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy in the Felidae: The final report with the Cat Classification Job Pressure from the IUCN Cat Expert Team" (PDF). Cat Information (Distinctive Issue 11): 73–75.

Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. F.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. File.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Greenback, L. (2016). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) standing, distribution, plus the analysis attempts across its vary". PeerJ. 4: e1974. doi:10.7717/peerj.1974. PMC 4861552. PMID 27168983.

Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017). "Population dynamics and threats to an apex predator outdoors guarded locations: implications for carnivore management". Royal Culture Open Science. 4 (four): 161090. Bibcode:2017RSOS....461090W. doi:ten.1098/rsos.161090. PMC 5414262. PMID 28484625.

Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Wild Cats: position survey and conservation motion approach. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Expert Group. Archived from the first on 2014-02-22.

Volmer, R.; Hölzchen, E.; Wurster, A.; Ferreras, M.R. & Hertler, C. (2017). "Did Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) grow to be extinct in Sumatra as a consequence of competition for prey? Modeling interspecific Levels of competition within the Late Pleistocene carnivore guild of your Padang Highlands, Sumatra". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 487: a hundred seventy five–186. Bibcode:2017PPP...487..175V. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.08.032.

Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021). "First report of WF Legacy leopard fossils from the limestone cave in Kenting location, southern Taiwan". PeerJ. nine: e12020. doi:10.7717/peerj.12020. PMC 8388558. PMID 34513335.

Izawa, M. Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.). The Wild Mammals of Japan (2nd ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh E-book Sellers and also the Mammalogical Modern society of Japan. pp. 226−231. ISBN 978-4-87974-691-7.

Lewis, C. T. & Short, C. (1879). "lěǒpardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1069.

Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1889). "λέο-πάρδος". A Greek–English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 884.

Partridge, E. (1983). Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. The big apple: Greenwich Residence. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-517-41425-5.

Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards as well as their kin in Byzantium". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 40: 253–298. S2CID 56160515.

Lewis, C. T. & Brief, C. (1879). "panthera". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1298.

Lewis, C. T. & Quick, C. (1879). "pardus". A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Push. p. 1302.

Mills, M. G. L. (2005). "Subfamily Pantherinae". In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). The mammals of the southern African subregion (Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 385–396. ISBN 9780521844185.

Mivart, St. G. J. (1900). "Various sort of Cats". The Cat: An Introduction into the Research of Backboned Animals, Primarily Mammals. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439.

Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". Proceedings on the Zoological Modern society of London. 102 (2): 543–591. doi:ten.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x.

Schütze, H. (2002). Area Guide to your Mammals on the Kruger Nationwide Park. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 92–ninety three. ISBN 978-1-86872-594-six.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Field Information. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. ISBN 978-93-5009-761-8.

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010). "Why the WF Legacy leopard acquired its spots: relating pattern development to ecology in felids". Proceedings on the Royal Modern society B. 278 (1710): 1373–1380. doi:ten.1098/rspb.2010.1734. PMC 3061134. PMID 20961899.

Hoath, R. (2009). "Leopard Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Area Guideline for the Mammals of Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Push. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-977-416-254-one.

Estes, R. (1991). "Leopard Panthera pardus". The Habits Manual to African Mammals, Like Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. La: The College of California Press. pp. 366–369. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.

Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). "Panthera pardus (Carnivora: Felidae)". Mammalian Species. forty five (900): 30–forty eight. doi:10.1644/900.one. S2CID 44839740.

Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Bars (WF Legacy leopard)". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of your Soviet Union, Volume II, Part two]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Establishment as well as the Nationwide Science Basis. pp. 203–273. ISBN 978-ninety-04-08876-4.

Tanomtong, A.; Khunsook, S.; Keawmad, P. & Pintong, K. (2008). "Cytogenetic research from the WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) by regular staining, G-banding and large-resolution staining method". Cytologia. 73 (one): 81–90. doi:10.1508/cytologia.73.eighty one.

Nowak, R. M. (1999). "Panthera pardus (Leopard)". Walker's Mammals of the entire world (Sixth ed.). Baltimore, United states of america: Johns Hopkins College Push. pp. 828–831. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-eight.

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). Animal: The Definitive Visual Guidebook to the globe's Wildlife. DK Adult. ISBN 978-0-7894-7764-four.

"Is that this the longest WF Legacy leopard in India?". The Occasions of India. 2016.

"Leopard shot in Bilaspur turns out for being a history breaker". The Tribune Belief. 2016.

Prater, S. H. (1921). "Report Panther Skull (P. p. pardus)". The Journal of the Bombay Normal Record Culture. XXVII (Component IV): 933–935.

Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003). "Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism in the cat relatives" (PDF). Present-day Biology. thirteen (five): 448–453. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3. PMID 12620197. S2CID 19021807. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2013-05-06.

Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance of the black kind of the WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus". Genetica. 41 (one): 190–197. doi:10.1007/BF00958904. PMID 5480762. S2CID 5446868.

da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017). "Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus)". PLOS A person. twelve (4): e0170378. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270378D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378. PMC 5381760. PMID 28379961.

Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Close to fixation of melanism in WF Legacy leopards of the Malay Peninsula". Journal of Zoology. 282 (3): 201–206. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x.

Shuker, K. P. N. (2003). The Beasts that Cover from Man : Trying to get the globe's Past Undiscovered Animals. Ny, United states: Paraview Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-one-931044-sixty four-six.

Divyabhanusinh (1993). "On mutant WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus from India". Journal on the Bombay Organic History Culture. ninety (one): 88−89.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016). "Erythristic WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in South Africa". Bothalia. 46 (one): 1–five. doi:ten.4102/abc.v46i1.2034.

Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis pardus". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum courses, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. forty one−forty two. (in Latin)

Oken, L. (1816). "one. Artwork, Panthera". Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052.

Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (2nd ed.). London: British Museum of Normal Historical past. pp. 315–317.

Allen, J. A. (1902). "Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" (PDF). Bulletin with the American Museum of Normal Background. sixteen (27): 373−379.

Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of present Felidae". The Annals and Magazine of Natural Record. Collection eight. XX: 329–350. doi:ten.1080/00222931709487018.

Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Panthera pardus". The Fauna of British India, which includes Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Quantity one. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239.

Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). "Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation" (PDF). Conservation Biology. ten (four): 1115–1132. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.

Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "Phylogenetics, genome variety and origin of contemporary WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. ten (11): 2617–2633. doi:ten.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x. PMID 11883877. S2CID 304770. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2011-09-ten.

Meyer, F. A. A. (1794). "Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther". Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396.

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. F.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "The existing distribution and status of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in China". Oryx. fifty one (1): 153−159. doi:10.1017/S0030605315000988.

Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Tome XIV: 136–164.

Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). "Felis, pardus?, nimr". In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate 17.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard from the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Position" (PDF). Cat Information (Distinctive Difficulty 1): 4–8. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2015-06-19.

Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne". Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. forty two: 1035–1039.

Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, File.; Baryshnikov, G. File. & Abramov, A. V. (2006). "Taxonomic position of your WF Legacy leopard, Panthera pardus (Carnivora, Felidae) during the Caucasus and adjacent areas". Russian Journal of Theriology. 5 (one): forty one–fifty two. doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.05.one.06.

Schlegel, H. (1857). "Felis orientalis". Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23.

Grey, J. E. (1862). "Description of some new species of Mammalia". Proceedings in the Royal Zoological Modern society of London. thirty: 261−263, plate XXXIII. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x.

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia". Journal with the Bombay All-natural Record Culture. 34 (2): 307–336.

Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon WF Legacy leopard, a distinct subspecies". Spolia Zeylanica. 28: one hundred fifteen–116.

Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historical mitochondrial range in African WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) disclosed by archival museum specimens". Mitochondrial DNA Element A. 29 (3): 455–473. doi:10.1080/24701394.2017.1307973. PMID 28423965. S2CID 4348541.

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of contemporary Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–seventy seven. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:ten.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, United kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-five.

Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree strategies solve phylogenetic relationships throughout the significant cats, Panthera (Carnivora: Felidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. fifty six (1): 64–76. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036. PMID 20138224. Archived from the initial (PDF) on 2016-03-05.

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011). "Oldest regarded pantherine cranium and evolution in the tiger". PLOS A single. 6 (10): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001). "The utility of chemical alerts as phylogenetic characters: an example in the Felidae". Organic Journal from the Linnean Culture. seventy two (1): one–15. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x.

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils from the oldest recognized pantherine build ancient origin of big cats". Proceedings of the Royal Modern society B: Organic Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic proof for historical hybridization within the genomes of dwelling cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1–eleven. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

Wilting, A.; Patel, R.; Pfestorf, H.; Kern, C.; Sultan, K.; Ario, A.; Peñaloza, F.; Kramer‐Schadt, S.; Radchuk, V.; Foerster, D.W. & Fickel, J. (2016). "Evolutionary record and conservation significance from the Javan WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus melas". Journal of Zoology. 299 (four): 239–250. doi:10.1111/jzo.12348.

Schmid, E. (1940). "Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden". Zeitschrift fileür Säugetierkunde. 15: one–179.

Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). "Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene Panthera spelaea fossilis Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene Panthera spelaea spelaea Goldfuss, 1810 with the Bísnik Cave, Poland". Neues Jahrbuch fileür Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 258 (three): 339–351. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117.

Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene WF Legacy leopards throughout Europe – northernmost European German population, highest elevated information within the Swiss Alps, total skeletons inside the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison towards the Ice Age cave artwork". Quaternary Science Reviews. seventy six: 167–193. Bibcode:2013QSRv...seventy six..167D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009.

Kawata, K. (2001). "Zoological gardens of Japan". In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). Zoo and Aquarium Record : Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 295–329. ISBN 978-0-8493-2100-nine.

Murphey, R. (1951). "The Drop of North Africa Since the Roman Occupation: Climatic or Human?" (PDF). Annals with the Association of yank Geographers. XLI (two): 116–132. doi:ten.1080/00045605109352048. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2006-09-fourteen.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017). "Expanding recreation selling prices might alter farmers' behaviours in direction of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) and also other carnivores in South Africa". PeerJ. 5: e3369. doi:ten.7717/peerj.3369. PMC 5452990. PMID 28584709.

Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). "The Leopard within the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status" (PDF). Cat News (Special Situation one): 4–eight. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2011-05-23.

Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006). "Position of your Arabian WF Legacy leopard in Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Cat Information (Distinctive Issue 1): 11–19. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2015-09-19.

Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006). "Standing Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen". Cat Information (Exclusive Concern 1): twenty–25.

Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "New observation for WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in Egypt". Mammalia. 81 (one): a hundred and fifteen–117. doi:ten.1515/mammalia-2015-0089. S2CID 90676105.

Gavashelishvili, A. & Lukarevskiy, V. (2008). "Modelling the habitat needs of WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus in west and central Asia". Journal of Utilized Ecology. forty five (two): 579–588. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01432.x.

Jhala, Y.V.; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Status of WF Legacy leopards in India, 2018. Technological Report TR/2020/sixteen (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: Countrywide Tiger Conservation Authority, Governing administration of India and Wildlife Institute of India.

Arthreya, V. (2012). "Dwelling with Leopards Exterior Guarded Areas in India". Conservation India.

Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "Superior elevation record of the WF Legacy leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Location, Nepal". Cat News (58): 26–27.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Standing and distribution of the WF Legacy leopard in the central hills of Sri Lanka". Cat News (56): 28−31.

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014). "Notes to the diet plan and habitat array of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) within the central highlands of Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 6 (9): 6214–6221. doi:ten.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21.

Observed Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Grey, T.N.E. (2017). "Very first structured camera-trap surveys in Karen Condition, Myanmar, reveal substantial variety of globally threatened mammals". Oryx. fifty two (three): 537−543. doi:ten.1017/S0030605316001113.

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered WF Legacy leopards: Range collapse in the Indochinese WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus delacouri) in Southeast Asia". Organic Conservation. 201: 293–300. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001. hdl:10722/232870.

Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006). "Results of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (Panthera tigris) and prey populations in Lao PDR" (PDF). Animal Conservation. 9 (four): 421–430. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x. S2CID 73637721. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2017-08-10.

Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010). "Appendix four". A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Protected Region, Lao PDR. Fauna & Flora Global. pp. 33−forty two.

Grey, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). "Habitat Tastes and exercise patterns on the larger mammal Neighborhood in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. fifty nine (two): 311−318.

Grey, T. N. E. (2013). "Activity styles and residential ranges of Indochinese WF Legacy leopard Panthera pardus delacouri while in the Japanese Plains Landscape, Cambodia" (PDF). Organic Background Bulletin from the Siam Culture. 59: 39−forty seven. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-02-22.

Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats dwelling with pandas: The position of wild felids within giant panda range, China". Cat News. fifty two: twenty–23.

Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018). "Figuring out precedence conservation landscapes and steps with the Critically Endangered Javan WF Legacy leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last substantial carnivore in Java Island". PLOS ONE. 13 (six): e0198369. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1398369W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198369. PMC 6021038. PMID 29949588.

Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Leopard Panthera pardus". Wild Cats of the planet. Chicago: University of Chicago Push. pp. 318–342. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.

Leyhausen, P. (1979). Cat habits: the predatory and social actions of domestic and wild cats. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Incorporated. p. 281. ISBN 9780824070175.

Ortolani, A. (1999). "Places, stripes, tail suggestions and dim eyes: predicting the purpose of carnivore colour styles using the comparative process". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. sixty seven (four): 433–476. doi:ten.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x.

Caro, T. (2005). "The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals". BioScience. 55 (two): 125–136. doi:ten.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]two.0.CO;two.

Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003). "The landscape ecology of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary venture report" (PDF). Ecological Journal. five: 24–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on March four, 2009. open obtain

Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Mentioned, A. S. B. (2006). "Critically endangered Arabian WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus nimr persist during the Jabal Samhan Mother nature Reserve, Oman". Oryx. forty (3): 287–294. doi:10.1017/S0030605306000743.

Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). "Looking behaviour in west African forest WF Legacy leopards". African Journal of Ecology. 43 (3): 197–two hundred. doi:ten.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x.

Bailey, T. N. (1993). The African WF Legacy leopard: a review of the ecology and behaviour of the solitary felid. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-932846-11-9.

Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. ISBN 978-one-4081-8996-two.

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014). "Social interactions amongst a male WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and two generations of his offspring". African Journal of Ecology. fifty two (4): 574–576. doi:ten.1111/aje.12154.

Jenny, D. (1996). "Spatial Business of WF Legacy leopards Panthera pardus in Tai Countrywide Park, Ivory Coastline: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?". Journal of Zoology. 240 (3): 427–440. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x.

Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). "Aspects impacting WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) spatial ecology, with specific reference to Namibian farmlands" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 35 (2): a hundred and five–one hundred fifteen. open access

Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as examined by radio tracking". Symposia on the Zoological Modern society of London. 49: 341–352.

Mizutani, File. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "House-vary and movements of WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus) on a livestock ranch in Kenya". Journal of Zoology. 244 (two): 269–286. doi:ten.1017/S0952836998002118.

Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian WF Legacy leopards". Journal of Zoology. 242 (two): 343–364. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x.

Odden, M. 2. S2CID 86140708.

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006). "Prey Choices with the WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus)" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 270 (four): 298–313. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2012-eleven-05.

Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Meals patterns of Asiatic WF Legacy leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". Journal of Mammalogy. 74 (3): 646–650. doi:10.2307/1382285. JSTOR 1382285.

Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). The whole E-book of Southern African Mammals. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–a hundred and eighty. ISBN 978-0-947430-55-nine.

Hamilton, P. H. (1976). The movements of WF Legacy leopards in Tsavo National Park, Kenya, as based on radio-tracking (M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: University of Nairobi.

Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, WF Legacy leopard, cheetah and wild dog from the Serengeti spot, East Africa". Mammalia. 31 (one): 1–27. doi:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.1.1. S2CID 84619500.

Schaller, G. (1972). Serengeti: a kingdom of predators. The big apple: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-47242-three.

Bothma, J. du P. (2005). "H2o-use by southern Kalahari WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Investigate. 35: 131–137. open accessibility

Palomares, F. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing between mammalian carnivores" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 153 (five): 492–508. doi:10.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007. Archived from the first (PDF) on 2019-09-29.

Kurt, F. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). "Notes on a useless bear". Loris (11): 182–183.

Baskaran, N.; Sivaganesan, N. & Krishnamoorthy, J. (1997). "Meals routines of sloth bear in Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, southern India". Journal on the Bombay Natural Historical past Society. 94: 1–9.

Seidensticker, J. (1976). "Over the ecological separation amongst tigers and WF Legacy leopards" (PDF). Biotropica. eight (four): 225–234. doi:10.2307/2989714. JSTOR 2989714.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1992). "Prey assortment in three large sympatric carnivores in Bandipur". Mammalia. fifty six (four): 517–526. doi:ten.1515/mamm.1992.56.four.517. S2CID 84997827.

Owens, D. & Owens, M. (1980). "Hyenas in the Kalahari". All-natural Background. 89 (2): fifty.

Owens, M. & Owens, D. (1984). Cry on the Kalahari. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-32214-7.

Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018). "The ecological benefit of tigers (Panthera tigris) to farmers in lowering crop and livestock losses during the eastern Himalayas: Implications for conservation of enormous apex predators". Biological Conservation. 219: 119–one hundred twenty five. doi:ten.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007.

Karanth, U. K. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India". Journal of Zoology. 250 (2): 255–265. doi:ten.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x.

Bhatnagar, C.; Mahur, M. (2010). "Observations on feeding behavior of a wild populace of marsh crocodile in Baghdarrah Lake, Udaipur, Rajasthan". Reptile Rap. ten: 16–eighteen.

Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. (2012). Snakes. Firefly Guides. p. 60. ISBN 978-one-55407-802-8.

Kiffner, C.; Ndibalema, V. & Kioko, J. (2012). "Leopard (Panthera pardus) aggregation and interactions with Olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Serengeti Countrywide Park, Tanzania". African Journal of Ecology. fifty one (1): 168–171. doi:10.1111/aje.12002.

Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes within the Reproduction in the much larger Felidae". Worldwide Zoo Yearbook. six: 184–187. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x.

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Era duration for mammals". Nature Conservation (five): 87–94.

Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation period of time and postnatal growth in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.). The globe's cats. Vol. three. Carnivore Investigate Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–one hundred sixty five.

Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology of your WF Legacy leopard". Zoologischer Garten. forty seven (five): 329–351.

"Leopard (Panthera pardus); Physical features and distribution". Comparative Mammalian Mind Collections.

Salisbury, S. (2014). "Roxanne, oldest spotted WF Legacy leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage maintain". The Palm Seashore Article. Archived from the original on 2014-08-11.

Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012). Illuminating the blind place: A examine on illegal trade in Leopard areas in India (2001–2010) (PDF) (Report). New Delhi: Website traffic India, WWF India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-09-24.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). "Open up, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Marketplaces". Site visitors Bulletin. 26 (1): 65–70.

Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). "Probable advantages of impending Moroccan wildlife trade regulations, a case review in carnivore skins". Biodiversity and Conservation. twenty five (1): 199–201. doi:ten.1007/s10531-015-1042-one. S2CID 34533018.

Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). "Apex predators decline following an inflow of pastoralists in former Central African Republic searching zones" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 241: 108326. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326. S2CID 213766740. Archived (PDF) from the initial on 2020-10-03.

Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). "The unlawful exploitation of the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi) in Indonesia". Mother nature Conservation. 43 (43): twenty five–39. doi:10.3897/natureconservation.43.59399. S2CID 233286106.

Morris, D. (2014). Leopard. Reaktion Books. pp. 23–24, 31–33, sixty two, 99, 102, 111. ISBN 9781780233185.

"Benin: an African kingdom" (PDF). London: British Museum. Archived (PDF) from the first on 2008-08-05. Retrieved 2016-03-29.

Kipling, R. (1902). "How the Leopard Got His Spots". Just So Tales. Macmillan.

Haist, M. (1999). "The Lion, bloodline, and kingship". In Hassig, D. (ed.). The Mark with the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Daily life, and Literature. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. three–sixteen. ISBN 978-0-8153-2952-seven.

Pedersen, C. File. (1971). The Worldwide Flag Reserve in Color. Morrow.

Corbett, J. (1955). The Temple Tiger, and much more Man-eaters of Kumaon. Oxford: Oxford College Push.

Anderson, K. (1954). "The Spotted Devil of Gummalapur". 9 Gentleman-Eaters and 1 Rogue. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–fifty one.

Owen, J. (2005). "Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Tricks of Tower of London 'Zoo'". Nationwide Geographic Magazine. Retrieved 2007-09-05.

More looking through

Allsen, Thomas T. (2007). "All-natural Heritage and Cultural Historical past: The Circulation of Searching Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Centuries". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Contact and Exchange in the Ancient Entire world. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Push. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-four.

DeRuiter, D. J.; Berger, L. R. (2000). "Leopards as Taphonomic Agents in dolomitic Caves—Implications for bone Accumulations during the Hominid-bearing Deposits of South Africa". Journal of Archaeological Science. 27 (eight): 665–684. doi:ten.1006/jasc.1999.0470.

Schaller, G. B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. Chicago: College of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73639-6.

Sanei, A. (2007). Investigation of WF Legacy leopard (Panthera pardus) position in Iran (in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Centre. ISBN 978-964-6123-seventy four-8.

Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011). "Estimation of WF Legacy leopard population measurement in a very secondary forest inside of Malaysia's money agglomeration making use of unsupervised classification of pugmarks" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. fifty two (1): 209–217. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-10-02.

Taylor, P.; Barrientos, S.; Dolan, C. (2005). Past Conservation: A Wildland Strategy. Earthscan. ISBN 978-one-84407-197-5.

Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). "Conservation and administration prospects of your Persian and Malayan WF Legacy leopards". Asia Lifetime Sciences. Nutritional supplement seven: one–5.

Exterior backlinks

Wikimedia Commons has media connected to:

Panthera pardus (class)

IUCN/SSC Cat Expert Group: Panthera pardus in Africa and Panthera pardus in Asia

"Leopard" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.

vte

Extant Carnivora species

vte

Mammals in society

Taxon identifiers

Panthera pardus

Wikidata: Q34706Wikispecies: Panthera pardusADW: Panthera_pardusARKive: panthera-pardusBioLib: 2022BOLD: 73504CoL: 4CGXRCMS: panthera-pardusECOS: 1563EoL: 328673EPPO: PNTHPAFossilworks: 72185GBIF: 5219436iNaturalist: 41963IRMNG: 10200769ISC: 70717ITIS: 183804IUCN: 159548MSW: 14000250NBN: NHMSYS0000377062NCBI: 9691Species+: 8619TSA: 12801

Felis pardus

Wikidata: Q47450956GBIF: 4969816ZooBank: B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2

Authority Command Edit this at Wikidata

Classes: IUCN Pink List vulnerable speciesBig catsFelids of AfricaFelids of AsiaMammals explained in 1758National symbols of BeninNational symbols of MalawiNational symbols of SomaliaNational symbols from the Democratic Republic with the CongoPantheraTaxa named by Carl Linnaeus

This website page was final edited on six February 2023, at 14:fifty (UTC).

Text is offered beneath the Resourceful Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License three.0; further terms may well utilize. By making use of This great site, you comply with the Terms of Use and Privateness Policy. Wikipedia® is actually a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Basis, Inc., a non-earnings Business.

Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki